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Patterns and Evolutionary Consequences of Pleiotropy Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-11-02 Jianzhi Zhang
Pleiotropy refers to the phenomenon of one gene or one mutation affecting multiple phenotypic traits. While the concept of pleiotropy is as old as Mendelian genetics, functional genomics has finally allowed the first glimpses of the extent of pleiotropy for a large fraction of genes in a genome. After describing conceptual and operational difficulties in quantifying pleiotropy and the pros and cons
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How Whales Dive, Feast, and Fast: The Ecophysiological Drivers and Limits of Foraging in the Evolution of Cetaceans Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-29 Jeremy A. Goldbogen, Nicholas D. Pyenson, Peter T. Madsen
Whales are an extraordinary study group for questions about ecology and evolution because their combinations of extreme body sizes and unique foraging strategies are unparalleled among animals. From a terrestrial ancestry, whales evolved specialized oceanic foraging mechanisms that characterize the two main groups of living cetaceans: echolocation by toothed whales and bulk filter feeding by baleen
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Terrestrial Phosphorus Cycling: Responses to Climatic Change Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-24 Duncan N.L. Menge, Sian Kou-Giesbrecht, Benton N. Taylor, Palani R. Akana, Ayanna Butler, K.A. Carreras Pereira, Savannah S. Cooley, Vanessa M. Lau, Emma L. Lauterbach
Phosphorus (P) limits productivity in many ecosystems and has the potential to constrain the global carbon sink. The magnitude of these effects depends on how climate change and rising CO2 affect P cycling. Some effects are well established. First, P limitation often constrains CO2 fertilization, and rising CO2 often exacerbates P limitation. Second, P limitation and P constraints to CO2 fertilization
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Variability in Plant–Herbivore Interactions Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 William C. Wetzel, Brian D. Inouye, Philip G. Hahn, Susan R. Whitehead, Nora Underwood
Plants and herbivores are remarkably variable in space and time, and variability has been considered a defining feature of their interactions. Empirical research, however, has traditionally focused on understanding differences in means and overlooked the theoretically significant ecological and evolutionary roles of variability itself. We review the literature with the goal of showing how variability-explicit
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The Causes and Consequences of Seed Dispersal Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Noelle G. Beckman, Lauren L. Sullivan
Seed dispersal, or the movement of diaspores away from the parent location, is a multiscale, multipartner process that depends on the interaction of plant life history with vector movement and the environment. Seed dispersal underpins many important plant ecological and evolutionary processes such as gene flow, population dynamics, range expansion, and diversity. We review exciting new directions that
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The Deep Soil Organic Carbon Response to Global Change Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Caitlin E. Hicks Pries, Rebecca Ryals, Biao Zhu, Kyungjin Min, Alexia Cooper, Sarah Goldsmith, Jennifer Pett-Ridge, Margaret Torn, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
Over 70% of soil organic carbon (SOC) is stored at a depth greater than 20 cm belowground. A portion of this deep SOC actively cycles on annual to decadal timescales and is sensitive to global change. However, deep SOC responses to global change likely differ from surface SOC responses because biotic controls on SOC cycling become weaker as mineral controls predominate with depth. Here, we synthesize
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Evolution of a Model System: New Insights from the Study of Anolis Lizards Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Martha M. Muñoz, Luke O. Frishkoff, Jenna Pruett, D. Luke Mahler
Following decades of intensive study, Anolis lizards have emerged as a biological model system. We review how new research on anoles has advanced our understanding of ecology and evolution, challenging long-standing paradigms and opening new areas of inquiry. Recent anole research reveals how changes in behavior can restructure ecological communities and can both stimulate and stymie evolution, sometimes
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Background Acoustics in Terrestrial Ecology Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Clinton D. Francis, Jennifer N. Phillips, Jesse R. Barber
The way in which terrestrial organisms use the acoustic realm is fundamentally important and shapes behavior, populations, and communities, but how background acoustics, or noise, influence the patterns and processes in ecology is still relatively understudied. In this review, we summarize how background acoustics have traditionally been studied from the signaling perspective, discuss what is known
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Life as a Guide to Its Own Origins Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Stuart A. Harrison, Hanadi Rammu, Feixue Liu, Aaron Halpern, Raquel Nunes Palmeira, Nick Lane
The origin of life entails a continuum from simple prebiotic chemistry to cells with genes and molecular machines. Using life as a guide to this continuum, we consider how selection could promote increased complexity before the emergence of genes. Structured, far-from-equilibrium environments such as hydrothermal systems drive the reaction between CO2 and H2 to form organics that self-organize into
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Smooth and Spiky: The Importance of Variability in Marine Climate Change Ecology Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-08 Jon D. Witman, Andrew J. Pershing, John F. Bruno
Greenhouse gas emissions are warming the ocean with profound consequences at all levels of organization, from organismal rates to ecosystem processes. The proximate driver is an interplay between anthropogenic warming (the trend) and natural fluctuations in local temperature. These two properties cause anomalously warm events such as marine heatwaves to occur with increasing frequency and magnitude
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The Diverse Mechanisms that Animals Use to Resist Toxins Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-08 Rebecca D. Tarvin, Kannon C. Pearson, Tyler E. Douglas, Valeria Ramírez-Castañeda, María José Navarrete
Biological toxins are entrenched within ecosystems. Thus, animals are often exposed to such toxins, and how they adapt can be a key determinant of their evolutionary trajectories. In this review, we provide an overview of the diversity of toxin resistance mechanisms, with a focus on animals that sequester toxins from their diet and their natural predators and parasites. We propose a structured framework
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Looking Back for the Future: The Ecology of Terrestrial Communities Through the Lens of Conservation Paleobiology Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-08 Melissa E. Kemp, Alexandra E. Boville, Celine M. Carneiro, John J. Jacisin, Chris J. Law, David T. Ledesma, Antonio Meza, Analisa Shields-Estrada, Tianyi Xu
Terrestrial ecosystems encompass a vast and vital component of Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem services. The effect of increased anthropogenic dominance on terrestrial communities defines major challenges for ecosystem conservation, including habitat destruction and fragmentation, climate change, species invasions and extinctions, and disease spread. Here, we integrate fossil, historical, and present-day
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Large Old World Fruit Bats on the Brink of Extinction: Causes and Consequences Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-08 Tigga Kingston, F.B. Vincent Florens, Christian E. Vincenot
Large Old World fruit bats (LOWFBs), species of Pteropus, Acerodon, and related genera of large bats in the pteropodid subfamily Pteropodinae, play important roles as agents of dispersal and pollination across the Paleotropics. LOWFBs are also collectively the most threatened group of bats in the world, with 71% of extant species assessed as threatened by International Union for Conservation of Nature
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Urban Pollination Ecology Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-08 Elsa Youngsteadt, Melina C. Keighron
Pollination is an essential component of plant reproduction that is transformed by the novel environmental conditions in cities. We summarize patterns of urban plant reproduction and trace the mechanisms by which urban environments influence pollination, beginning at the level of the individual plant. We then progress through several processes unique to animal-pollinated plants, including plant–pollinator
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Ecological and Evolutionary Insights About Emerging Infectious Diseases from the COVID-19 Pandemic Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 A. Marm Kilpatrick
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenged the workings of human society, but in doing so, it advanced our understanding of the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. Fluctuating transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) demonstrated the highly dynamic nature of human social behavior, often without government intervention. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2
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Patterns of Non-Native Species Introduction, Spread, and Ecological Impact in South Florida, the World's Most Invaded Continental Ecoregion Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Christopher A. Searcy, Hunter J. Howell, Aaron S. David, Reid B. Rumelt, Stephanie L. Clements
Invasive species are a chief threat to native biodiversity and are only becoming more common with human globalization. This creates a need to understand the patterns in invasion biology, including where invasions are most likely to occur, which species are most likely to establish and spread, and what are likely to be the most influential ecological consequences. We examine these questions through
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Density-Dependent Selection Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Joseph Travis, Ronald D. Bassar, Tim Coulson, David Reznick, Matthew Walsh
Density-dependent selection, which promotes contrasting patterns of trait means at different population densities, has a long history in population genetics and ecology. The unifying principle from theory is that density-dependent selection operates on phenotypic traits whose values counter the effects of whatever ecological agent is limiting population growth, be it resource competition, predators
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Functional Trait Variation Along Animal Invasion Pathways Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Steven L. Chown, Melodie A. McGeoch
Functional trait–based mediation of animal invasions is only now developing, yet it is already showing as much promise as the approach has for plant invasion biology. Here, we provide a theory-founded examination of functional trait–based ecology with respect to animal invasions, together with a review of the empirical research. Recent developments in the scaling of traits to ecosystems, along with
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The Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Chemical Defenses: From Molecules to Communities Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 María-José Endara, Dale L. Forrister, Phyllis D. Coley
Classic theory relates herbivore pressure to the ecology and evolution of plant defenses. Here, we summarize current trends in the study of plant–herbivore interactions and how they shape the evolution of plant chemical defenses, host choice, and community composition and diversity. Inter- and intraspecific variation in defense investment is driven by resource availability. The evolution of defenses
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Novel Disturbance Regimes and Ecological Responses Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Monica G. Turner, Rupert Seidl
Many natural disturbances have a strong climate forcing, and concern is rising about how ecosystems will respond to disturbance regimes to which they are not adapted. Novelty can arise either as attributes of the disturbance regime (e.g., frequency, severity, duration) shift beyond their historical ranges of variation or as new disturbance agents not present historically emerge. How much novelty ecological
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Sky Islands Are a Global Tool for Predicting the Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Climate Change Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Sarah J. Love, Jennifer A. Schweitzer, Scott A. Woolbright, Joseph K. Bailey
Sky islands are unique geologic formations, home to populations of organisms that have weathered climate change since the Pleistocene. Long-term isolation and climatic differences between sky islands and adjacent mountain chains result in natural laboratories well suited for examining the direct effects of climate change. Here, we review the global sky island literature to examine how taxa have responded
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What Amphibians Can Teach Us About the Evolution of Parental Care Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2023-08-04 Eva Ringler, Bibiana Rojas, Jennifer L. Stynoski, Lisa M. Schulte
Parenting is considered a key evolutionary innovation that contributed to the diversification and expansion of vertebrates. However, we know little about how such diversity evolved. Amphibians are an ideal group in which to identify the ecological factors that have facilitated or constrained the evolution of different forms of parental care. Among, but also within, the three amphibian orders—Anura
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The Unusual Value of Long-Term Studies of Individuals: The Example of the Isle of Rum Red Deer Project Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-02 Josephine M. Pemberton, Loeske E.B. Kruuk, Tim Clutton-Brock
Long-term studies of individuals enable incisive investigations of questions across ecology and evolution. Here, we illustrate this claim by reference to our long-term study of red deer on the Isle of Rum, Scotland. This project has established many of the characteristics of social organization, selection, and population ecology typical of large, polygynous, seasonally breeding mammals, with wider
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Rethinking the Prevalence and Relevance of Chaos in Ecology Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-11-02 Stephan B. Munch, Tanya L. Rogers, Bethany J. Johnson, Uttam Bhat, Cheng-Han Tsai
Chaos was proposed in the 1970s as an alternative explanation for apparently noisy fluctuations in population size. Although readily demonstrated in models, the search for chaos in nature proved challenging and led many to conclude that chaos is either rare or nigh impossible to detect. However, in the intervening half-century, it has become clear that ecosystems are replete with the enabling conditions
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Epistasis and Adaptation on Fitness Landscapes Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-09-14 Claudia Bank
Epistasis occurs when the effect of a mutation depends on its carrier's genetic background. Despite increasing evidence that epistasis for fitness is common, its role during evolution is contentious. Fitness landscapes, which are mappings of genotype or phenotype to fitness, capture the full extent and complexity of epistasis. Fitness landscape theory has shown how epistasis affects the course and
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Freshwater Fish Invasions: A Comprehensive Review Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-09-03 Camille Bernery, Céline Bellard, Franck Courchamp, Sébastien Brosse, Rodolphe E. Gozlan, Ivan Jarić, Fabrice Teletchea, Boris Leroy
Freshwater fish have been widely introduced worldwide, and freshwater ecosystems are among those most affected by biological invasions. Consequently, freshwater fish invasions are one of the most documented invasions among animal taxa, with much information available about invasive species, their characteristics, invaded regions, invasion pathways, impacts, and management. While existing reviews address
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One Health for All: Advancing Human and Ecosystem Health in Cities by Integrating an Environmental Justice Lens Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-09-02 Maureen H. Murray, Jacqueline Buckley, Kaylee A. Byers, Kimberly Fake, Elizabeth W. Lehrer, Seth B. Magle, Christopher Stone, Holly Tuten, Christopher J. Schell
We are facing interwoven global threats to public health and ecosystem function that reveal the intrinsic connections between human and wildlife health. These challenges are especially pressing in cities, where social-ecological interactions are pronounced. The One Health concept provides an organizing framework that promotes the health and well-being of urban communities and ecosystems. However, for
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The Macroevolutionary History of Bony Fishes: A Paleontological View Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-08-27 Matt Friedman
Bony fishes are the principal group of backboned animals in contemporary aquatic settings. Extant species are the focus of a vigorous program of macroevolutionary research, but paleontology offers important perspectives. Multiple fossil records bear on the evolution of bony fishes, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Understanding of the interrelationships among living bony fishes has improved
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The Evolution and Ecology of Interactions Between Ants and Honeydew-Producing Hemipteran Insects Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-08-17 Annika S. Nelson, Kailen A. Mooney
The interactions between ants and certain sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera are classic examples of food-for-protection mutualisms. In these associations, herbivorous hemipterans use a highly specialized, straw-like mouthpart to consume sap directly from plant phloem and xylem and, as a result, excrete a sugar-rich waste product called honeydew. Ant foragers use specialized adaptations to
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Evolution and Community Assembly Across Spatial Scales Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-08-17 Mathew A. Leibold, Lynn Govaert, Nicolas Loeuille, Luc De Meester, Mark C. Urban
The finding that adaptive evolution can often be substantial enough to alter ecological dynamics challenges traditional views of community ecology that ignore evolution. Here, we propose that evolution might commonly alter both local and regional processes of community assembly. We show how adaptation can substantially affect community assembly and that these effects depend on regional (metacommunity)
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Integrating Fossil Observations Into Phylogenetics Using the Fossilized Birth–Death Model Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-08-17 April M. Wright, David W. Bapst, Joëlle Barido-Sottani, Rachel C.M. Warnock
Over the past decade, a new set of methods for estimating dated trees has emerged. Originally referred to as the fossilized birth–death (FBD) process, this single model has expanded to a family of models that allows researchers to coestimate evolutionary parameters (e.g., diversification, sampling) and patterns alongside divergence times for a variety of applications from paleobiology to real-time
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Cophylogenetic Methods to Untangle the Evolutionary History of Ecological Interactions Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-08-17 Wade Dismukes, Mariana P. Braga, David H. Hembry, Tracy A. Heath, Michael J. Landis
Myriad branches in the tree of life are intertwined through ecological relationships. Biologists have long hypothesized that intimate symbioses between lineages can influence diversification patterns to the extent that it leaves a topological imprint on the phylogenetic trees of interacting clades. Over the past few decades, cophylogenetic methods development has provided a toolkit for identifying
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Evolutionary Ecology of Fire Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-08-17 Jon E. Keeley, Juli G. Pausas
Fire has been an ecosystem process since plants colonized land over 400 million years ago. Many diverse traits provide a fitness benefit following fires, and these adaptive traits vary with the fire regime. Some of these traits enhance fire survival, while others promote recruitment in the postfire environment. Demonstrating that these traits are fire adaptations is challenging, since many arose early
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Consistent Individual Behavioral Variation: What Do We Know and Where Are We Going? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-08-08 Kate L. Laskowski, Chia-Chen Chang, Kirsten Sheehy, Jonathan Aguiñaga
The study of individual behavioral variation, sometimes called animal personalities or behavioral types, is now a well-established area of research in behavioral ecology and evolution. Considerable theoretical work has developed predictions about its ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences, and studies testing these theories continue to grow. Here, we synthesize the current empirical work
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Evolutionary Transitions Between Hermaphroditism and Dioecy in Animals and Plants Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-08-08 John R. Pannell, Crispin Y. Jordan
We review transitions between hermaphroditism and dioecy in animals and (mainly flowering) plants. Although hermaphroditism and dioecy represent two end states in a sex-allocation continuum, both vary in major ways among clades. However, drawing on sex-allocation theory and distinguishing between self-fertilization and outcrossing, we recognize five broad paths to dioecy and two broad paths to hermaphroditism
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Asymmetric Inheritance: The Diversity and Evolution of Non-Mendelian Reproductive Strategies Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Laura Ross, Andrew J. Mongue, Christina N. Hodson, Tanja Schwander
The ability to reproduce is the key trait that distinguishes living organisms from inorganic matter, and the strategies used to achieve successful reproduction are almost as diverse as the organisms themselves. In animals, the most widespread form of reproduction involves separate male and female sexes: Each sex produces haploid gametes via meiosis, and two gametes fuse to form a new diploid organism
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Simulation Tests of Methods in Evolution, Ecology, and Systematics: Pitfalls, Progress, and Principles Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-07-29 Katie E. Lotterhos, Matthew C. Fitzpatrick, Heath Blackmon
Complex statistical methods are continuously developed across the fields of ecology, evolution, and systematics (EES). These fields, however, lack standardized principles for evaluating methods, which has led to high variability in the rigor with which methods are tested, a lack of clarity regarding their limitations, and the potential for misapplication. In this review, we illustrate the common pitfalls
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Functional Roles of Parasitic Plants in a Warming World Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 David M. Watson, Richard C. McLellan, Francisco E. Fontúrbel
We consider the mechanistic basis and functional significance of the pervasive influence of parasitic plants on productivity and diversity, synthesizing recent findings on their responses to drought, heat waves, and fire. Although parasites represent just 1% of all angiosperms, the ecophysiological traits associated with parasitism confer pronounced impacts on their hosts and disproportionate influence
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Evolution and Ecology of Parasite Avoidance Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 Amanda K. Gibson, Caroline R. Amoroso
Parasite avoidance is a host defense that reduces an individual's contact rate with parasites. We investigate avoidance as a primary driver of variation among individuals in their risk of parasitism and the evolution of host–parasite interactions. To bridge mechanistic and taxonomic divides, we define and categorize avoidance by its function and position in the sequence of host defenses. We also examine
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Complexity, Evolvability, and the Process of Adaptation Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 David Houle, Daniela M. Rossoni
There is a widespread view that the process of adaptation in complex systems is made difficult due to an evolutionary cost of complexity that is reflected in lower evolvability. This line of reasoning suggests that organisms must have special properties to overcome this cost, such as integration, modularity, and robustness, and that the reduction in the rate of evolution and variational constraints
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Local Adaptation: Causal Agents of Selection and Adaptive Trait Divergence Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 Susana M. Wadgymar, Megan L. DeMarche, Emily B. Josephs, Seema N. Sheth, Jill T. Anderson
Divergent selection across the landscape can favor the evolution of local adaptation in populations experiencing contrasting conditions. Local adaptation is widely observed in a diversity of taxa, yet we have a surprisingly limited understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to it. For instance, few have experimentally confirmed the biotic and abiotic variables that promote local adaptation, and
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Fungal Dispersal Across Spatial Scales Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2022-07-25 V. Bala Chaudhary, Carlos A. Aguilar-Trigueros, India Mansour, Matthias C. Rillig
Fungi play key roles in ecosystems and human societies as decomposers, nutrient cyclers, mutualists, and pathogens. Estimates suggest that roughly 3–13 million fungal species exist worldwide, yet considerable knowledge gaps exist regarding the mechanisms and consequences, both ecological and social, of fungal dispersal from local to global scales. In this review, we summarize concepts underlying fungal
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Cascading Impacts of Seed Disperser Loss on Plant Communities and Ecosystems Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Haldre S. Rogers, Isabel Donoso, Anna Traveset, Evan C. Fricke
Seed dispersal is key to the persistence and spread of plant populations. Because the majority of plant species rely on animals to disperse their seeds, global change drivers that directly affect animals can cause cascading impacts on plant communities. In this review, we synthesize studies assessing how disperser loss alters plant populations, community patterns, multitrophic interactions, and ecosystem
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What Have We Learned from the First 500 Avian Genomes? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Gustavo A. Bravo, C. Jonathan Schmitt, Scott V. Edwards
The increased capacity of DNA sequencing has significantly advanced our understanding of the phylogeny of birds and the proximate and ultimate mechanisms molding their genomic diversity. In less than a decade, the number of available avian reference genomes has increased to over 500—approximately 5% of bird diversity—placing birds in a privileged position to advance the fields of phylogenomics and
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Causes and Consequences of Apparent Timescaling Across All Estimated Evolutionary Rates Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Luke J. Harmon, Matthew W. Pennell, L. Francisco Henao-Diaz, Jonathan Rolland, Breanna N. Sipley, Josef C. Uyeda
Evolutionary rates play a central role in connecting micro- and macroevolution. All evolutionary rate estimates, including rates of molecular evolution, trait evolution, and lineage diversification, share a similar scaling pattern with time: The highest rates are those measured over the shortest time interval. This creates a disconnect between micro- and macroevolution, although the pattern is the
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Evolution of Thermal Sensitivity in Changing and Variable Climates Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Lauren B. Buckley, Joel G. Kingsolver
Evolutionary adaptation to temperature and climate depends on both the extent to which organisms experience spatial and temporal environmental variation (exposure) and how responsive they are to the environmental variation (sensitivity). Theoretical models and experiments suggesting substantial potential for thermal adaptation have largely omitted realistic environmental variation. Environmental variation
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Sensory and Cognitive Ecology of Bats Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Rachel A. Page, Hannah M. ter Hofstede
We see stunning morphological diversity across the animal world. Less conspicuous but equally fascinating are the sensory and cognitive adaptations that determine animals’ interactions with their environments and each other. We discuss the development of the fields of sensory and cognitive ecology and the importance of integrating these fields to understand the evolution of adaptive behaviors. Bats
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Evolution in Cities Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Sarah E. Diamond, Ryan A. Martin
Although research performed in cities will not uncover new evolutionary mechanisms, it could provide unprecedented opportunities to examine the interplay of evolutionary forces in new ways and new avenues to address classic questions. However, while the variation within and among cities affords many opportunities to advance evolutionary biology research, careful alignment between how cities are used
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The Alignment of Natural and Sexual Selection Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Locke Rowe, Howard D. Rundle
Sexual selection has the potential to decrease mean fitness in a population through an array of costs to nonsexual fitness. These costs may be offset when sexual selection favors individuals with high nonsexual fitness, causing the alignment of sexual and natural selection. We review the many laboratory experiments that have manipulated mating systems aimed at quantifying the net effects of sexual
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Animal Migration: An Overview of One of Nature's Great Spectacles Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Adam M. Fudickar, Alex E. Jahn, Ellen D. Ketterson
The twenty-first century has witnessed an explosion in research on animal migration, in large part due to a technological revolution in tracking and remote-sensing technologies, along with advances in genomics and integrative biology. We now have access to unprecedented amounts of data on when, where, and how animals migrate across various continents and oceans. Among the important advancements, recent
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Causes, Consequences, and Conservation of Ungulate Migration Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Matthew J. Kauffman, Ellen O. Aikens, Saeideh Esmaeili, Petra Kaczensky, Arthur Middleton, Kevin L. Monteith, Thomas A. Morrison, Thomas Mueller, Hall Sawyer, Jacob R. Goheen
Our understanding of ungulate migration is advancing rapidly due to innovations in modern animal tracking. Herein, we review and synthesize nearly seven decades of work on migration and other long-distance movements of wild ungulates. Although it has long been appreciated that ungulates migrate to enhance access to forage, recent contributions demonstrate that their movements are fine tuned to dynamic
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The Emerging Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Actinopterygian Fishes Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Alex Dornburg, Thomas J. Near
The emergence of a new phylogeny of ray-finned fishes at the turn of the twenty-first century marked a paradigm shift in understanding the evolutionary history of half of living vertebrates. We review how the new ray-finned fish phylogeny radically departs from classical expectations based on morphology. We focus on evolutionary relationships that span the backbone of ray-finned fish phylogeny, from
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Dynamics of Ecological Communities Following Current Retreat of Glaciers Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Gentile Francesco Ficetola, Silvio Marta, Alessia Guerrieri, Mauro Gobbi, Roberto Ambrosini, Diego Fontaneto, Andrea Zerboni, Jerome Poulenard, Marco Caccianiga, Wilfried Thuiller
Glaciers are retreating globally, and the resulting ice-free areas provide an experimental system for understanding species colonization patterns, community formation, and dynamics. The last several years have seen crucial advances in our understanding of biotic colonization after glacier retreats, resulting from the integration of methodological innovations and ecological theories. Recent empirical
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Evolution of the Mode of Nutrition in Symbiotic and Saprotrophic Fungi in Forest Ecosystems Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Annie Lebreton, Qingchao Zeng, Shingo Miyauchi, Annegret Kohler, Yu-Cheng Dai, Francis M. Martin
In this review, we highlight the main insights that have been gathered from recent developments using large-scale genomics of fungal saprotrophs and symbiotrophs (including ectomycorrhizal and orchid and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi) inhabiting forest ecosystems. After assessing the goals and motivations underlying our approach, we explore our current understanding of the limits and future potential of
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The Ecology and Evolution of Model Microbial Mutualisms Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Jeremy M. Chacón, Sarah P. Hammarlund, Jonathan N.V. Martinson, Leno B. Smith Jr., William R. Harcombe
Mutually beneficial interspecific interactions are abundant throughout the natural world, including between microbes. Mutualisms between microbes are critical for everything from human health to global nutrient cycling. Studying model microbial mutualisms in the laboratory enables highly controlled experiments for developing and testing evolutionary and ecological hypotheses. In this review, we begin
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A Dual Role for Behavior in Evolution and Shaping Organismal Selective Environments Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 William T. Wcislo
The hypothesis that evolved behaviors play a determining role in facilitating and impeding the evolution of other traits has been discussed for more than 100 years with little consensus beyond an agreement that the ideas are theoretically plausible in accord with the Modern Synthesis. Many recent reviews of the genomic, epigenetic, and developmental mechanisms underpinning major behavioral transitions
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Evolution of Mimicry Rings as a Window into Community Dynamics Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Krushnamegh Kunte, Athulya Girish Kizhakke, Viraj Nawge
Mimicry rings are communities of mimetic organisms that are excellent models for ecological and evolutionary studies because the community composition, the nature of the species interactions, the phenotypes under selection, and the selective agents are well characterized. Here, we review how regional and ecological filtering, density- and frequency-dependent selection, toxicity of prey, and age of
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Are Terrestrial Biological Invasions Different in the Tropics? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Kwek Yan Chong, Richard T. Corlett, Martin A. Nuñez, Jing Hua Chiu, Franck Courchamp, Wayne Dawson, Sara Kuebbing, Andrew M. Liebhold, Michael Padmanaba, Lara Souza, Kelly M. Andersen, Songlin Fei, Benjamin P.Y.-H. Lee, Shawn Lum, Matthew S. Luskin, Kang Min Ngo, David A. Wardle
Most biological invasion literature—including syntheses and meta-analyses and the resulting theory—is reported from temperate regions, drawing only minimally from the tropics except for some island systems. The lack of attention to invasions in the tropics results from and reinforces the assumption that tropical ecosystems, and especially the continental tropics, are more resistant to invasions. We
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Biotic and Abiotic Controls on the Phanerozoic History of Marine Animal Biodiversity Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Andrew M. Bush, Jonathan L. Payne
During the past 541 million years, marine animals underwent three intervals of diversification (early Cambrian, Ordovician, Cretaceous–Cenozoic) separated by nondirectional fluctuation, suggesting diversity-dependent dynamics with the equilibrium diversity shifting through time. Changes in factors such as shallow-marine habitat area and climate appear to have modulated the nondirectional fluctuations
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Multispecies Coalescent: Theory and Applications in Phylogenetics Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (IF 11.8) Pub Date : 2021-11-03 Siavash Mirarab, Luay Nakhleh, Tandy Warnow
Species tree estimation is a basic part of many biological research projects, ranging from answering basic evolutionary questions (e.g., how did a group of species adapt to their environments?) to addressing questions in functional biology. Yet, species tree estimation is very challenging, due to processes such as incomplete lineage sorting, gene duplication and loss, horizontal gene transfer, and